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Elements and Performance Criteria

1. Write a simple SQL statement to retrieve and sort data
   • Retrieve all the data from a single table
   • Retrieve data from specific columns in a single table
   • 1.3 Use 'order by' to sort query output
2. Write an SQL statement that selectively retrieves data
   • 2.1 Restrict the number of rows retrieved, by placing criteria in the 'where' clause
   • Restrict the number of rows retrieved, by placing specific criteria in the select statement
   • 2.3 Use comparison operators in the 'where' clause to compare numeric, character, string, date and time data
   • Use Boolean operators with the correct precedence
   • 2.5 Use criteria in the 'where' clause, to check for a range of values, to select values from a list, and to check for values that match a pattern
   • Use SQL syntax to suppress duplicate values from query results
   • Take action to exclude null values from a query result
3. Write SQL statements that use functions
   • Use arithmetical operators with the correct precedence
   • Use string functions, and operators, to obtain the required query output
   • Use mathematical functions to obtain the required output
   • Use date functions to obtain the required output
   • Use SQL aggregate functions to obtain the required output
4. Write SQL statements that use aggregation and filtering
   • 4.1 Use 'group by' to aggregate data by multiple columns
   • Sort aggregated data in the query output
   • 4.3 Filter aggregated data using the 'having' clause
5. Write SQL statements that retrieve data from multiple tables
   • Employ the inner join syntax, to retrieve data from two or more tables
   • 5.2 Use 'left outer', 'right outer' and 'full outer' syntax, to join tables in the select statement
   • 5.3 Use correct syntax in the 'where' clause, to retrieve data from multiple tables
   • Write a union query that retrieves data from more than one table
6. Write and execute SQL sub-queries
   • Construct single and nested sub-queries
   • Construct sub-queries that return a single row and multiple rows
   • Use correlated sub-queries to retrieve required data
   • Write sub-queries that use aggregates
7. Create and manipulate tables
   • Identify the required columns, data types, keys, relationships, indexes and constraints
   • Use the relevant naming conventions for database elements
   • Create tables that implement the required elements
   • Manipulate tables to meet specific requirements
8. Create and use views
   • Create views that satisfy information requirements
   • Use check constraints in a view
   • Retrieve, insert, update, and delete data using a view
   • Drop a view from a database
9. Create and use stored procedures
   • Create and execute stored procedures that use SQL to retrieve, insert, or modify data, according to information requirements
   • Create and execute stored procedures, that use one or more parameters
   • Drop a stored procedure from the database
   • Create and test database triggers that automate data management, or perform specific required data-related functions

Performance Evidence

Evidence of the ability to:

write a simple, structured query language (SQL) statement to retrieve and sort data

write an SQL statement that selectively retrieves data

write SQL statements that:

use functions and operators

use aggregation and filtering

retrieve data from multiple tables

write and execute SQL sub-queries

create and manipulate tables to meet specific requirements

create and use views that satisfy information requirements

create and use stored procedures.

Note: If a specific volume or frequency is not stated, then evidence must be provided at least once.

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Knowledge Evidence

To complete the unit requirements safely and effectively, the individual must:

explain client-server concepts

explain data-integrity concepts

describe data-modelling structures

explain databases and database objects, including data types, data structures, identifiers and metadata

summarise programming concepts

give an overview of query design

give an overview of relational database design

describe the SQL client environment

describe the SQL server architecture.

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